A, number of national and international groups are actively, The trend toward harmonization of expectations at, which animal care and use programs will function is, tions and contracts cross national borders. A local survey conducted among scientists into the current practice of searching for information on Three Rs (i.e. to enhance the life-time experience of the animals”. One of the ways it does this is by funding, Three Rs research, as well as encouraging the integration. The terms of the CEC require the formation of an IAEC, including three members who are not affiliated with the, institute, with the task of assessing each scientific proto-, col and deciding whether to accept the project, request, 1999, which contains a specific section (Part 6) devoted, to the control of the use of animals in RTT (, The concepts of reduction, refinement, and replace-. mentation is “substantially underestimated” due to the, lack of recognition by the investigator or protocol review, committee that a proposed procedure will result in a, reduction, refinement, or replacement outcome. So, high standards applied in one, country or region of the world are expected to be applied, Association for Assessment and Accreditation, AAALAC International is a nonprofit organization, incorporated in 1965 that provides assessment and, testing, or teaching. EU). The range of animal, welfare issues is very broad, but research animal wel-, fare is especially important due to the diversity of spe-, cies of concern, the potential impact on both animal, and public health and well-being should the research, enterprise be compromised by inappropriate animal, use practices, the wide range of legal protections for, research animals around the world, trade issues, and, the need for a better scientific understanding of meth-. member. and legal and economic affairs related to these areas. The author analyzes the common themes addressed by speakers at the AVMA/AAVMC conference on animal welfare, adding a few comments of his own. Zimbabwe that may use animals in research, education, or testing and are members of the OIE default to the, standards promulgated by the OIE in the development, Many nations, whether explicitly or implicitly, include Three Rs (replacement, reduction, refinement), requirements within the regulations, codes, or guide-, lines that govern the use of animals in science within, their jurisdictions. The court can impose a fine up to the maximum in the Regulations. The majority of the respondents expressed the wish that the search for alternatives could be easier and less time consuming, and prefer to achieve this through the service offered by specialists at the Central Animal Laboratory. Establishing a culture of care, conscience, and responsibility: addressing the improvement of scientific dis-, covery and animal welfare through science-based performance, Leenaars, M., Savenije, B., Nagtegaal, A., van der V, Hoitinga, M., 2009. Alternatives to, Animal Testing and Experimentation 14, 785–788, (special issue), National Animal Ethics Advisory Committee, New Zealand, Ministry of Environment, Japan, 2006. In: Animal Research in a Global, Environment: Meeting the Challenges, The National Academies, Bayne, K., Morris, T., France, M., 2010. Section 32: Imprisonment or fine. Heating, ventilation, and air condition-, ing systems; mechanical cage washers; appropriately, designed and manufactured animal caging; and other, infrastructure elements that support animal well-being, come at a high cost. Recognition and Alleviation of, in Laboratory Animals. use of great apes in scientific procedures is introduced). None of the respondents allocate budget for a specific Three Rs alternatives search, although 50% do spend, on average, two hours engaged in this search for each application to their animal ethics committees. Laboratory Animals 43, 149–154. sourcing or international collaborations. Herein, the process has been broken down into three main phases: i) test method development; ii) intra‐ and inter‐laboratory validation; and iii) regulatory acceptance. In addition, the institution, must establish an ethics committee, which must include, a veterinarian and one representative of a private “ani-, is entitled to employ an “animal protection inspector”, or use voluntary “animal protectors” to assist with the, supervision of animal use, including inspection of loca-, tions where animals are housed and used. items for correction and suggestions for improvement. 152 0 obj The veter-, inary professionals participating in the consultation also, held the opinion that the laboratory animal veterinarian, should be knowledgeable in the moral and ethical issues, surrounding the use of animals in research, testing, and, education, in the tenets of the Three Rs (, use of the country in which s/he is working. that in the home country of the contracting organization. 136 0 obj The Directive 86/609/, EEC on the protection of animals used for scientific, purposes, adopted in 1986, had set minimum standards, for housing and care of laboratory animals and encour-, aged the development and use of alternatives, resulting, and approaches to animal use in science, with an increas-, ing focus on the Three Rs, and on the processes of ethi-, cal review and authorization of experiments, led to the, current review of the Directive and its replacement with, the much more comprehensive EU Directive 2010/63, EU. ment studies include China, the Czech Republic, India, Singapore, and Thailand. For example, in the, Pacific Rim region, the three most commonly identified. Among other func-, tions, the OECD sets international standards on the, safety of chemicals, the testing of which often includes, In 1982, the Second High Level Meeting of the OECD's, /0,3746,en_2649_37465_40695856_1_1_1_37465,00.html, addressed concerns about the welfare of animals used, in the testing of chemicals by adopting the following, The welfare of laboratory animals is important; it will con-, tinue to be an important factor influencing the work in the, OECD Chemicals Programme. Indeed, China's “sea, turtles” (individuals who train outside of China and, then return to the country with specific expertise) return, with an expanded concept of animal use and often retain, contact with their overseas colleagues, thereby keeping, open channels of discourse, learning, and awareness of, Societal concern for the welfare of animals is cer-, tainly shaped by economics, religious values, and col-, on certain species of particular interest, and in this way, country borders are crossed and multinational concern is, evoked. Directive of the European Parliament and of, the Council on the protection of animals used for scientific pur-, poses. I. Overview . endobj This section prescribes the penalties for offences under the Act. In some cases, language issues may impose a barrier to reviewing the, collaborating institution's records. endobj endobj relevant to the field, and serving as research partners. 0000007368 00000 n the 7th edition of the, translations are complex and often costly, ments may be updated or revised, thus rendering the, translation outdated (for example, an 8th edition of the, the translation must be assured. Both the standards and related inspections are, developed and implemented in a variety of ways around, the world, with one exception. Animal Health and Welfare Act 2013 Permanent Page URL. to all Australian states, despite their differing legislation, and sets the terms of reference for AECs as well as the. This global accred-, itation program provides a “cross-pollination” of informa-. ). In the Pacific Rim, the issues tended to center on, the attending veterinarian having limited training and, experience specific to laboratory animal medicine, with, resulting inadequate involvement in and oversight of, Animal Environment, Housing, and Management, International worldwide versus the Pacific Rim region, pertaining to animal environment, housing, and man-, agement indicates that the most frequently observed, mandatory deficiency for both was the program areas, of sanitation and maintenance. endobj The binding theme throughout this chapter is the, acknowledgment of the numerous achievements in, enhancing laboratory animal welfare while anticipat-. 1. meticulous attention to the welfare of animals in transit. Implementation of the Thr. Externally generated subjective experiences are said to be integral to the operation of interacting 'action-orientated systems' that give rise to particular behaviours and their negative or positive emotional contents. dynamic are demanding, profound, and unprecedented. A, fine may be levied against the head of an animal facility, who has not appointed an Animal Experimentation Eth-, Agriculture, requires that an institution using animals, for scientific purposes form an “animal experimentation, management unit” to oversee the scientific utilization, of the laboratory animals. rently being reviewed to align with the new Directive. several other diseases of concern in nonhuman primates. (��_0��o��Kr&�L\Ӵt��4�'E�2@�,�����戭�;:٬7ڼ�����r��D,&&�OTK�����T������Ͽw�����AAP�5� hD k�(� An important amendment was constituted in the Act that extended animal protection to “all warm-bodied animals determined by the Secretary to be used for experimentation or exhibition, except horses not used in research and farm animals used in food and fiber research.” Accordingly, the supply risks of scarce metals and possible USDA Announces Recent Animal Welfare Act and Horse Protection Act Enforcement Actions Date: 2012-03-21 00:00:00.0 Contact: (800) 795-3272 The committee was, given the authority to stop procedures if unnecessary, pain was experienced by an animal. 0 National Academies Press, W, National Research Council, 2009. The similarities and differences in the qualifications, programs should be assessed in the context of the cultural, and regulatory framework in which the veterinarian, works as well as the educational opportunities available, qualifications and roles of the laboratory animal veteri-, narian, and thus the potential variability in the quality of, the veterinary medical program offered at each institu-, tion, can result in tangible consequences for the animal, and the research. At one end of, the spectrum is the specialty board certification offered, by ACLAM, ECLAM, JCLAM, and KCLAM. Its members vary from practitioners, to government employees, but also include veterinar-. of animal welfare now include scientists and ethicists, which results in increases in scientific understanding. A Review of Intervention Options along the Metals... Fractal Dimension of Spatial Structure of Transportation Network and Its Determination, In book: Laboratory Animal Welfare (pp.55-76). at six major groups: animals in research and teaching; companion animals; farm livestock; aquatic animals; wildlife; and animals in work, sport, display, focus on fostering international animal welfare partner-, that is responsible for the Association's many animal, research and education for all animal species, includ-, ing pets, farm and laboratory animals, wildlife, and zoo, ANZCVS, in recognition of the increasingly special-, ized role that veterinarians have to play in the field of, animal welfare science, has had an Animal W, Chapter since 2000. Public Health Service Policy. Y, alternative modalities of transportation could result in a, lengthened journey and more stress to the animal. 137 0 obj breeding and supplying establishments, 1995. Over the years studied, there was a decreasing trend in the total number of animal types used for the experiments in the articles. The USDA is obliged to review, each comment and determine whether to accept the, suggestion or not. safety testing for inactivated vaccines for veterinary use, as well as a proposed guidelines on harmonization of the, potency testing of rabies vaccines (Munstermann, per-, International Council for Laboratory Animal Science, The International Council for Laboratory Animal Sci-, ence (ICLAS) is an international scientific organization, dedicated to advancing human and animal health by. Penalty.] This landscape will be illustrated by describing, changes made in the legal/regulatory oversight frame-. Subsidiary legislation supplement. 55. In: Bernardi, C., Gamble, M.R. Therefore, the IACUC's role is to, provide the institutional director with a report on the, Committee's deliberations regarding a proposed study, and then the director approves or disapproves the pro-, tocol. It has been estimated that live animal shipments account, for less than 0.1% of all air cargo, and that the transport, of laboratory animals is a small percentage of that total, laboratory animals in the face of increasing negative, pressure from some sectors of the public is at risk. 0000004132 00000 n <>stream with the aim of increasing the implementation of the, Three Rs in Canada. The minimization/elimination of, experimental confounding variables and the resulting, comparability of studies has a direct impact on reducing, the number of animals used worldwide for research—, an outcome consistent with the goals of the Three Rs. In this manner, There are a number of external influences on animal, research that pressure acceptance of harmonized, high, quality animal care standards. This paper presents a modelling approach to determine the spatial distribution of livestock This paper aims to provide editors and publishers with the information they need to review their own editorial policies to ensure they are fulfilling their potential to promote animal welfare and dissemination of the 3Rs. A commentary on the animal welfar, National Advisory Committee for Laboratory Animal Research (NAC-, LAR), 2004. 57. endstream As an example. Animal Research in a Global Environment: Meeting the Challenges, Bayne, K., 2011c. Access scientific knowledge from anywhere. several key principles, including consideration of harm/, benefit to the animal, alternatives, using the minimum, number of animals necessary to achieve the scientific, goal, ensuring appropriate training and experience of, the investigator, pain mitigation, and euthanasia. These scientists are customers of the Central Animal Laboratory of Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre. 91-579), renamed the Animal Welfare Act, ... impose a uniform civil penalty of up to $1,000 on all persons regulated under the statute, and eliminate the requirement that the Secretary issue a cease-and-desist order before imposing a civil penalty on research facilities; (6) make it a crime punishable by fine and imprisonment to … Code holders and their, independently reviewed (by MPI accredited review-, ers) at least once every five years, and code holders are, required to submit annual animal use statistics on the, number of animals used in research, testing, or teach-, ing, and its welfare impact on them, from little or none, information for researchers, animal care staff, and, welfare of livestock from which blood is harvested for com-, Each state in Australia has its own legislation gov-, Act 1992 (ACT) in the Australian Capital T, Care and Protection Act 2001 in Queensland (, 0ACT%201985/2000.01.31_(1994.12.01)/1985.106.PDF, w/index.w3p;cond=;doc_id=63%2B%2B1993%2BAT%4, common is the requirement that research using animals, is carried out in compliance with the Australian Code, of Practice for the Care and Use of Animals for Scien-, The Code is produced by the Australian Govern-, ment's National Health and Medical Research Council, (NHMRC) and is regularly reviewed, taking account, of submissions received during the public consultation, process. 0000026689 00000 n Passed by Congress in 1966, the Animal Welfare Act (AWA) sets general standards for humane care and treatment that must be provided for certain animals that are bred for commercial sale, sold sight unseen (Internet sales), exhibited to the public, used in biomedical research, or transported commercially. IACUC). Each IAEC includes a member of the CPCSEA. ation of the relevance and reliability of tests for specific pur-, poses, so that chemicals and products of various kinds, includ-, ing medicines, vaccines, medical devices, cosmetics, household. As legislation binding on all EU member states, the, adoption of the new Directive demonstrates the com-, mitment of the European countries to the welfare of ani-, legislation, it sets a final goal of “full replacement of, procedures on live animals for scientific and educational, purposes as soon as it is scientifically possible to do so”, tance of animal welfare and focus on animal welfare. Several factors should be addressed to support the, an understanding of the length of the journey should be, an element of the protocol (project) review, may be delegated to the institutional veterinarian who, typically is a member of the local oversight committee, (e.g. levels: national (and/or multinational), state (province, latory frameworks in several countries is provided by, inspections and/or monitoring provides tangible assur-, ance of animal welfare and conformance with require-, ments. The globalization of animal research: science and eth-, ics as a foundation for standards. in the use of animals in scientific or teaching activities; an animal welfare advocate with no connection to the, institution; and a person who is both independent of the, institution and who has never been involved in the use, of animals in scientific or teaching activities. opment and outcome of projects at establishment level, foster a climate of care and provide tools for the practical, application and timely implementation of recent techni-, cal and scientific developments in relation to the prin-, ciples of replacement, reduction and refinement, in order. In addition, AAALAC has established several posi-, ). In order for these tests to be more broadly used by the industrial sector and regulatory bodies, orchestrated efforts are required to show the robustness and reliability of in vitro methods, which can accelerate the use for early screening testing. The global diversity of perspectives regarding, research animal welfare elicits a healthy dialogue, among stakeholders that will advance harmonization, efforts and ultimately improve the care of and refine. subject to an intense debate in recent studies. laboratory animal medical and science associa-, tions). {��:oiZ�������8��30"�Qo$������|�p��� Assessments license, project license, and certificate of designation. In its role as a provider of information, ILAR reports, have substantially shaped the standards of laboratory, animal care and use. The American Journal of Bioeth-, Reid, C.S.W., 1995. of environmental impacts of livestock farming require detailed knowledge of the presence of livestock, farming practices, Ministry of, Hearn, J., 1995. Summary. El concepto de Bienestar Animal es ahora multidimensional y abarca la salud física, el estado emocional, la comodidad de movimiento y descanso, la expresión de comportamientos y la forma de relación con otros de su misma especie o con el ser humano, de esta forma debemos repensar, analizar, criticar y tomar decisiones sobre la manera como cada uno nos relacionamos con ellos y asumir las responsabili-dades inherentes en cada caso. ILAR Journal 37 (2), 55–56, Institute of Medicine (IOM), 1995. Its focus, then, is, on developing alternative methods while promoting the, reduction of animal numbers to the minimum necessary. THE ANIMAL WELFARE ACT OF 1998 AS AMENDED (RA 8485 as amended by RA 10631) *amendments are in bold letters SECTION 1. One approach that seems rather appropriate is that of systematic review. A section which was later repealed28 provided that in case of violations by a research facility, the Secretary could apply to … C(C�Cc�YB1� Q��T�8 ,"���������?A�����������HX%�4�m�����m�h�t�� ���LתjX�?�mPc�����ºAOW� G���2�7C#SK�� n��������M:�� �j e���@�X�� �2�g}�@�� �;C�SP�Ah�;P1r܀A��V:�� �a$�ng�{ ��( � ѥ|� Standards are developed and, revised in response to the current and emerging needs of, care, and the needs of the CCAC Assessment and Certi-, fication Program. The resulting livestock maps were validated. Service of notice, etc. There has been increasing pressure from the public against animal experimentation for testing and research purposes. The 'Three Rs' tenet (replacement, reduction, refinement) is a widely accepted cornerstone of Canadian and international policies on animal-based science. The Com-, mittee is appointed by the head of the facility, chair is elected from among the Committee members. They. 0000031016 00000 n is defined through the lens of cultural differences; AAALAC International, Frederick, MD, USA. Modelling the spatial distribution of livestock in Europe. Another way of increasing the use of alternatives is to coordinate validation studies, that is, multi‐laboratory trials, and to gain regulatory approval and instatement as test guidelines or standard method. Originally titled the ‘Laboratory Animal Welfare Act,’ it became effective on 25 May 1967. El objetivo de este ensayo es mostrar de forma global algunos ejemplos de las relaciones entre humanos y animales, las con-secuencias y los nuevos paradigmas que se gestan en esta nueva humanidad; finalmente, mostrar algunos consejos útiles de acciones cotidianas, que pue-den generar una masa crítica capaz de impulsar cambios globales en pro del bienestar de todos los animales del planeta, lo que conlleva al mantenimiento de la salud, el bienestar y la paz global, que incluye humanos, animales y ambiente. National Academies Press, W, National Research Council, 2003. The diverse backgrounds of, participants is exemplified by the list of sponsors over, the years, which include cosmetic companies, chemical. They are generated by, and elicit specific behaviours designed to correct, imbalances in the animal's internal functional state. factors on land cover pattern level. Laboratory Animal Welfare provides a comprehensive, up-to-date look into the new science of animal welfare within laboratory research. field of animal welfare science matures and yields, meaningful information about how best to care for all, species of animals. area. The Committee must have a vet-, erinarian, a person who represents animal welfare and is, recommended by a private organization, a lawyer, professor that is in charge of animal protection and wel-, fare at an institution of “higher education”. siderations, animal restraint, food and water restriction, surgical procedures, analgesics and anesthetics, humane, endpoints, euthanasia, safety considerations, and report-, ing of experimental results. same time as implementing the Directive. 0000008428 00000 n While the implementation of more, humane trials within regulatory testing is relatively easy, to measure, the take-up of the Three Rs within biomedi-. in research worldwide. In addition, there is a widely, held perception that companies or universities may be, offshoring research and testing merely to avoid the strin-. <>stream Although the legislation does not explicitly refer to sentience, the concept of sentience is recognised by the Animal Welfare Act (2005). We examined land cover patterns across a gradient of road ... Unconscionably, the Animal Welfare … including caging, social requirements, enrichment, etc.). Animals specifically considered include rodents, cats and dogs, nonhuman primates, agricultural animals, avian animals and aquatic animals. and use community through the use of expert committees. 174 0 obj The Cruelty to Animals Act 1876, was an Act passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom (39 & 40 Vict., Public Acts, c. ment are specified within the Act as key to its purpose. tection Act was replaced by the Animal Welfare Act 1999, which contains a specific section (Part 6) devoted to the control of the use of animals in RTT ( MAF , 2000 ). Ecopa was formed as a Europe-wide organization “to, enhance the further development and implementation, of refinement, reduction and replacement (3R-concept), in animal experimentation in Europe and worldwide”, through the sharing of scientific information and exper-, tise between the various national platforms. endobj The distance trav-, eled by the animals can vary from a few miles, with, ground transportation achieved by vehicle, to half way, around the globe, where the animals may undergo con-, necting flights and automotive transport before arriving, at their destination.

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