Photos of the 2 habitats, (A) one of the Shmaryahu caves, a natural habitat of wormlions, and (B) the ground below the central library at Tel Aviv University, representing an urban habitat for wormlions. Wormlions occur in caves at both latter sites (Figure 1), which even if not entirely free of human influence, represent a more natural habitat than the Tel Aviv University campus. Actually, because its skin is coated with sand, and it is very small, it is very easy to overlook while it lies still. This summer if you take a walk in a sandy area, see if you can find the pits of an wormlion or an antlion and ponder the wonders of nature! The differences between animals in urban versus natural habitats could stem not only from adaptation to urban conditions but also from phenotypic plasticity, and it is important to separate between the 2 mechanisms (Atwell et al. Generally, smaller wormlions had a higher preference for shade than larger ones (Z = 2.375, P = 0.018). 1) Choice of deep versus shallow microhabitat: Wormlions prefer deep sand when given a choice (a study on urban wormlions: Adar et al. This could lead to higher selectivity by city wormlions, since their choices matter more than in caves, where they are limited to a small space, because they may reach a more favorable site. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Editorial Office, Current Zoology. Larger wormlions constructed larger pits on both days (Day 1: F1, 101 = 11.765, P < 0.001; Day 2: F1, 94 = 21.227, P < 0.001). The difference between the dry mass and the last mass measurement represents the absolute lipid content. No matter what I did, whether I dug deeply under the pit and took all the substrate around the pit, and then meticulously sifted it all, I couldn’t find an antlion.

Two previous studies in the same habitats studied here demonstrated differences between the urban and the natural sites under study (Bar-Ziv and Scharf 2018; Bar-Ziv et al.

Cities also contain non-seasonal food and water resources (Beckmann and Berger 2003; Bateman and Fleming 2012), plausibly leading to the occurrence of “urban specialists,” such as doves and sparrows (McIntyre 2000; Shochat et al. The fifth segment has a ventral pseudopod that helps to hold prey. Studies also demonstrated interference of city noise with sounds made by prey, making it harder for predators to detect prey, and for females to recognize sounds produced by males when calling them (Lampe et al. The interaction of habitat and body mass was not significant in both cases and removed from the analysis (P > 0.096). It is unknown whether wormlions prey on pharaoh ants in nature, but the 2 species co-occur and wormlions prey on other ant species of similar size. Among other differences between the 2 habitats under study, the 2 habitats also differ in their arthropod composition. We documented the wormlion’s choice after 24 h, which was visible according to the location of the constructed pit or the tracks. Urban wormlions can therefore construct larger pits simply because they themselves are larger: there is a positive correlation between body mass and pit size in both antlions and wormlions (Griffiths 1980; Dor et al.



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