[29] Transcriptional regulation of transferrin is upregulated by retinoic acid. [11][12] Some invertebrates have proteins that act like transferrin found in the hemolymph.[11][13]. A transferrin test directly measures the transferrin level in your blood. The TIBC refers to the amount of iron that would be needed to bind all of the transferrin in the blood. For the iron ion to bind, an anion is required, preferably carbonate (CO2−3). Iron overload suggests hemochromatosis, which will lead to deposition of iron on tissues. Acta. The shape of a transferrin receptor resembles a butterfly based on the intersection of three clearly shaped domains.

Protein deficiency in malabsorption and burns. 4X1D, 1A8E, 1A8F, 1B3E, 1BP5, 1BTJ, 1D3K, 1D4N, 1DTG, 1FQE, 1FQF, 1JQF, 1N7W, 1N7X, 1N84, 1OQG, 1OQH, 1RYO, 1SUV, 2HAU, 2HAV, 2O7U, 2O84, 3FGS, 3QYT, 3S9L, 3S9M, 3S9N, 3SKP, 3V83, 3V89, 3V8X, 3VE1, 4H0W, 4X1B, 5DYH, Transferrins are glycoproteins found in vertebrates which bind to and consequently mediate the transport of Iron (Fe) through blood plasma. The serum iron level divided by the total iron binding capacity multiplied by 100 gives a transferrin saturation level. Transfus Med Hemother. This may vary with age and sex. Transferrin is a part of the innate immune system, the binding of transferrin to iron impedes bacterial survival. When serum iron falls then the total iron binding capacity (TIBC) increases. In cases of iron deficiency, the degree of transferrin saturation appears to be an extremely sensitive indicator of functional iron depletion. Transferrin is a free peptide (apotransferin) that undergoes a conformation change after binding with iron. 2007 Jun;20(3-4):249-62, Giansanti F, Panella G, Leboffe L, Antonini G. Lactoferrin from Milk: Nutraceutical and Pharmacological Properties. Transferrin plays a key role in areas where erythropoiesis and active cell division occur. 10 to 20% to 30% of the total iron is stored as Ferritin. Transferrin-mediated cellular iron delivery. If left untreated, low iron can lead to anemia. Kinetics of iron release from transferrin bound to the transferrin receptor at endosomal pH. A carbonate has to be present to help attract iron to transferrin by creating opposing repulsive charges. 2004 May;36(5):324-9.

The reference range for transferrin is 204-360 mg/dL.

Thank you. High iron levels can mean that the patient may have a condition known as hemochromatosis. In advanced iron overload states, the percent transferrin saturation often exceeds 90%. Transferrin is a blood-plasma glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 79570 daltons and transferrin is the iron transport protein in serum. TIBC increases in 70% of the patients with iron deficiency anemia. Iron metabolism: current facts and future directions. Transferrin saturation is high in patients with hereditary hemochromatosis, typically > 45% and sometimes >55%. Under normal conditions, transferrin is typically one-third saturated with iron. Total iron binding capacity (TIBC) in Adult = 250 to 425 µg/dL (this value varies from one reference to other), Total iron binding capacity (TIBC) decreases in the older people around = 250 µg/dL (this value varies from one reference to other). TIBC refer to the amount of iron that could be bound by saturation of transferrin and other minor iron-binding proteins present in the serum or plasma. A raised transferrin may be a reaction to an iron deficiency state. Deliver white blood cell macrophages to all tissues. [10] These glycoproteins are located in various bodily fluids of vertebrates. 2014 Jun;41(3):213-21, Wally J, Buchanan SK. Transferrin can be used to assess the iron level in the body along with other markers in the body. The protein is composed of alpha helices and beta sheets that form two domains. Liver damage leading to reduced production of transferrin. [6] Human transferrin is encoded by the TF gene and produced as a 76 kDa glycoprotein. TIBC is the sum of all protein bound to iron. This may occur because: Insufficient levels of circulating and stored iron may eventually lead to iron deficiency anemia (decreased hemoglobin and hematocrit, smaller and paler red cells). [16] The receptor helps maintain iron homeostasis in the cells by controlling iron concentrations. Less commonly, the iron concentration may be divided by the transferrin concentration, not the total iron-binding capacity (TIBC). Transferrin saturation levels cannot be solely read in isolation but in conjunction with other laboratory tests such as serum ferritin and TIBC. Transferrin saturation. Amazon Doesn't Want You to Know About This Plugin. Wikibuy Review: A Free Tool That Saves You Time and Money, 15 Creative Ways to Save Money That Actually Work. Iron 1 mg/day is lost in the urine, sweat, bile and epithelial cells. Kidney insult or injury leads to loss of transferrin in urine. Low transferrin in plasma indicates iron overload, which means the binding site of transferrin is highly saturated with iron. ... Low iron transferrin saturation. Transferrin is an essential biochemical marker of body iron status. A serum iron level in the range of 60-170 micrograms/deciliter (mcg/dL) or 10-30 micromoles/liter (umol/L) is considered normal. The best monitoring procedure is to determine transferrin saturation during therapy. Chelate free toxic iron and act as a protective scavenger. Although both are similar in structure, TfR1 can only bind specifically to human TF where TfR2 also has the capability to interact with bovine TF. [16], The gene coding for transferrin in humans is located in chromosome band 3q21.[7]. Transferrin is the main protein in the blood that binds to iron and transports it throughout the body. As oxygen is absorbed from the lungs, it attaches to these iron ions.

Mucosal epithelial cells produce lactotransferrin seen in bodily secretions such as milk. In children <6 µg/L compared to the normal value of 7 to140 µg/L. 2009 Oct 07;15(37):4638-43, Wells BJ, Mainous AG, King DE, Gill JM, Carek PJ, Geesey ME. An acidic environment of Ph5.6 reduces iron-transferrin affinity, which encourages the release of iron from its binding site and endocytosed into a cell 3). Curr Top Membr. In: StatPearls [Internet]. 2017 Jun 29;15(1):53. Microcytic anemia due to chronic diseases. 1986 Mar;68(3):375-81, Anderson ER, Shah YM. It enables ligand bonding to the transferrin, as each monomer can bind to one or two atoms of iron. Transferrins are not limited to only binding to iron but also to different metal ions. The level of transferrin decreases in inflammation.[20]. This is a transport protein synthesized in the liver. Clathrin/receptor-mediated endocytosis mediates the uptake of iron by transferrin receptors 2). If iron levels in the blood are too low, a patient may be suffering from anemia. Iron is released from the red blood cells, but it cannot freely circulate in the bloodstream. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). All plasma iron is bound to transferrin 7). Biophys. Conversely, too much iron can be toxic to the body. Low Iron Saturation – Symptoms 2012 Mar;1820(3):326-33, Waldvogel-Abramowski S, Waeber G, Gassner C, Buser A, Frey BM, Favrat B, Tissot JD. The carbonate needed also serves as a ligand to stabilize iron in the binding site of transferrin. Transferrin saturation is helpful to find the cause of abnormal iron and total iron binding capacity (TIBC) level. Prevent the formation of reactive oxygen species. Therefore, iron homeostasis is hugely dependent on the tight regulation of absorption, which occurs mostly in the proximal intestine 9). The liver produces transferrin, which is a protein that serves to bind iron molecules and carry them through the bloodstream to the bone marrow. An increased plasma transferrin level is often seen in patients suffering from iron deficiency anemia, during pregnancy, and with the use of oral contraceptives, reflecting an increase in transferrin protein expression.

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