Sci., 93 (12): 2953-2962, Coward-Kelly, G.; Chang, V. S.; Agbogbo, F. K.; Mark T Holtzapple, M. T. , 2006. In mid-lactation Holstein cows, feather meal at 3% of DM intake was beneficial for milk production with maize silage diet at 14% CP but not at 18% CP; feather meal at 6% of DM intake, had no effect on DM intake and milk fat percentage, but reduced CP digestibility and milk protein concentration (Harris et al., 1992). J. Effects of feather meal at two protein concentrations and yeast culture on production parameters in lactating dairy cows. Conf. Kid-Friendly Baked Sweet and Sour Chicken, Instant Pot Cheesy Turkey Burger Macaroni. J., 31 (3): 200-211, de Oliveira, M. M. M.; Sanchez, L. M. B.; Junior, F. M. V.; Perez, J. R. O.; Pires, C. C.; Haygert, I. M. P.; Frizzo, A.; Lana, R. D. P., 2002. Sci., 97 (11): 4540-4547, Khajarern, J. ; Khajarern, S. ; Penporn Swasdipan, 1982. J. Trop. Sapientiae, Alimentaria, 11 (1): 81-96, Daghir, N. J., 1975.

Its composition was similar to the protein in soybeans and cotton seeds, and the hydrolysate was reported to be suitable as a diet supplement in feeding ruminants. Ruminant animals like cattle, goat, and sheep can digest fiber effectively.

The protein profile also depends on the extra material present in the feather meal (such as blood), and on the amount of amino acid degradation caused by hydrolysis. Sci., 78 (1): 207-215, Korniłłowicz-Kowalska, T.; Bohacz, J., 2011. Grab Your Free Sample Dinner Menu Right Here!. J. Sci. Rybactwo Morskie i Technologia Zywnosci (Poland), 93: 105-121, Vanoverschelde, J; Vanoverschelde, V., 2018. For that reason, it is necessary to hydrolyze feather meal in order to transform it into a valuable source of protein in animal feeding (El Boushy et al., 1990 ; Papadopoulos, 1985). No difference in performance was observed when up to 4 % feather meal was fed to piglets 0-4 weeks of age and up to 8 % could be fed to the 4 to 8 week old age group (Khajarern et al., 1982b).

Hydrolyzed feather meal as feed component in diets for rainbow trout (, Pfeuti, G.; Cant, J. P.; Shoveller, A. K.; Bureau, D. P., 2019. From these results it is advised to avoid feather meal in young turkeys up to 4 weeks of age, and to limit inclusion to 2.5-5% in older animals, with adequate feed formulation.

Sci., 72 (2): 509-514, Thomas, M.; Rijm, W.; van der Poel, A. F. B., 2001.

This fibrous protein is high in nitrogen, the cornerstone of vegetative growth for all plants.

Vet.

Dairy Sci., 97 (1): 439-445, Strzetelski, J. It has high fiber content, which makes it difficult to breakdown by chickens. Pressurized cooking is the primary method of processing used to make feather meal.

Studies at and in association with the Rowett Research Organization, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, UK. Asian-Austr. Waste Management, 31 (8): 1689–1701, Latshaw, J. D., 1990. Including feather meal reduced odourous compounds in faeces (van Heugten et al., 2002). Cristina Chuck-Hernández, César Ozuna, in Proteins: Sustainable Source, Processing and Applications, 2019.

Good quality can be used up to 15% in the poultry diet. Dairy Sci., 84 (10): 2260-2272, Belewu, M. A.; Muhammed, N. O.; Ajayi, F. T.; Abdulgafar, D. T., 2009. Assuming that a chicken weighs 2 kg and that the average percentage of feathers is 5%, the overall amount of chicken feathers in 2018 can be estimated to be 2.4 million t. Other poultry productions (ducks 1.12 billion heads, turkeys 466 million heads and geese 365 million heads) yield an additional 0.42 million t of additional feathers, resulting in a total amount of feathers up to 2.8 million t in 2018 (FAO, 2019). Feed Sci., 8 (3): 387-393, Suksupath, S., 1980. A comparison of methods to determine amino acid digestibility of feed ingredients for chickens.

Livest. J. Cleaner Prod., 252: 119845, Cao, S.; Li, P.; Huang, B.; Song, Z.; Hao, T.; Wang, C.; Wang, M., 2020. This article provides all you need to know about feather meal, its benefits, and how best it can be used in livestock feed.

Similarly feather meal was successfully used in growing and laying ducks in substitution to fishmeal (Suksupath, 1980). Notify me of follow-up comments by email. Sci. Sci., 69 (3): 1272-1278, Branco, A. F.; Coneglian, S. M.; Mouro, G. F.; Dos Santos, G. T.; Zeoula, L. M.; Bumbieris, V. H., 2003. Studies on the use of hydrolysed feather meal as a protein source in grower diets for carp (, Miner, W. H., 2005.



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