In this article, we study one of the most substantial changes in eligibility criteria – the introduction of female jurors. The Jackie (and Jill) Robinson effect: why do congresswomen outperform congressmen? We argue that there should be less selection on specific case characteristics when the same jury is carried over from a previous trial; this could occur because the second case was not known before the jury was chosen (though we do not have explicit evidence of this) or because the jury seated for the first case was not tailored to a particular kind of case, perhaps because the case was relatively less serious.4545 The point estimates are also fairly robust, albeit a little less precise, to including interactions between the full set of controls and the post‐reform dummy; it is also worth noting that these additional interactions are generally not significant and small relative to the female victim interaction. should occupy a house with no fewer than 15 windows. Use the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. possess an income of 10 pounds per year from real estate or rent charge; or For those found guilty, we also report judge sentences: 63% are sentenced to prison, 20% to penal servitude, 4% to death and 12% to some other punishment such as a fine or corporal punishment. An examination of the distribution of seated females (not shown) shows that more than 30% of cases in the first two post‐reform years have no seated females. This Section presents the results from a pre‐post design that compares conviction rates by juries before and after The Sex (Disqualification) Act of 1919 in England. In terms of the impact of female jurors on case outcomes, an early assessment reported in an April 1921 Times article by the counsel to the Treasury at the Central Criminal Court found that mixed gender juries return the same verdict as a jury of all men. The effect decreases in size with alternative windows, but is still quite large: depending on the window, exposure to the reform increases the chance of conviction of a sex offence by 12–17 percentage points. As a result, we condition our entire analysis on a large and detailed set of controls for criminal charges and other case characteristics. *Indicates pre‐post difference is significant at 5%. difficulty identifying names (or associated gender), incomplete information in the original case summaries, and. Likewise, Appendix Table B1 demonstrates females are more often seated on cases with a female versus male defendant (85% versus 77%). The Law Review also hosts lectures and an annual live symposium at Stanford Law School.

It is important to note, however, that our research design identifies the full causal impact of the Act on jury trials, which might not be due completely to the addition of females to the seated jury. The Treatment: Share of Cases with Female Jurors and Average Number of Seated Jurors. Deception primarily includes forgery, fraud and perjury. As discussed in detail above, our focus on the pre‐post reform analysis is driven by concerns that the pre‐trial process of seating juries is not random and may lead, therefore, to spurious correlation between the gender composition of the jury and conviction rates. The overall effect in the three‐year window appears to be driven by property offences and other offences, though as the window is expanded, the same effect is also seen for violent offences. Working off-campus? The upper panel presents the baseline treatment period of three years, and controls for all years after that. The findings of the pre‐post reform analysis can be driven by both direct and indirect mechanisms. Florida’s jury statute did not exclude women, the court said, it merely exempted those who didn’t want to serve. pro‐conviction (Hastie et al., 1983; Hegelson and Shaver, 1990; Gabora et al., 1993; Fischer, 1997); Billy Taylor appealed his conviction for rape on the ground that Louisiana’s “volunteers only” provision for women jurors violated his Sixth Amendment right to a jury drawn from a representative cross-section of the community.

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